Pasture grasses, also known as forage plants, are an essential component of any grazing system. They provide the main source of nutrition for livestock, contributing to their growth, reproduction, and good health. Therefore, it is crucial for farmers and ranchers to understand the different types of pasture grasses available to them and choose the ones that best suit their specific needs. In this article, we will explore the various types of pasture grasses and their characteristics, including their growth habits, nutritional value, and practical uses.
Cool-Season Grasses
Cool-season grasses are primarily found in regions with cooler temperatures and milder summers. They grow actively during the spring and fall, which makes them ideal for early and late grazing periods. Some of the most common cool-season grasses include orchardgrass, timothy, tall fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass.
Orchardgrass is a tall-growing, bunch-type grass that is well adapted to various soil types. It is a highly digestible and palatable grass, making it an excellent choice for hay production. It can also be grazed early in the spring by cattle, sheep, and goats.
Timothy is a densely growing grass with a high leaf-to-stem ratio, making it highly digestible and palatable. It is primarily used for hay production and is also suitable for grazing. However, it is not as drought-tolerant as other cool-season grasses.
Tall fescue is a popular grass for grazing, as it is highly productive and tolerant of adverse weather conditions. It has a deep root system, making it more drought-resistant than other cool-season grasses. However, it contains a fungal endophyte that can be harmful to livestock if consumed in large quantities.
Kentucky bluegrass is a highly nutritious and palatable grass commonly used for grazing and hay production. It thrives in fertile, well-drained soils and is known for its ability to withstand heavy grazing pressure.
Warm-Season Grasses
Warm-season grasses are mainly found in regions with hot summers and mild winters. They grow actively during the summer months and have a higher nutritional value compared to cool-season grasses. Some of the most common warm-season grasses include Bermuda grass, bahiagrass, and switchgrass.
Bermuda grass is a highly productive and drought-tolerant grass commonly used for grazing and hay production. It is also known for its ability to spread rapidly and withstand heavy animal traffic. However, it can also become invasive in certain areas.
Bahiagrass is a low-growing, coarse grass with a high tolerance for dry and infertile soils. It is commonly used for grazing, hay, and erosion control in areas with sandy soils. However, it is not as palatable as other warm-season grasses.
Switchgrass is a tall, native grass that is commonly used for forage and soil conservation. It is highly productive and drought-tolerant, making it a suitable choice for grazing in areas with poor soil conditions. It is also a popular choice for biofuel production.
Legumes
Legumes such as clovers, alfalfa, and soybeans are commonly planted with pasture grasses as they have the ability to fix nitrogen from the air into the soil, providing a natural source of fertilizer. They also have a high protein content, making them a valuable addition to grazing systems.
Clovers, including red and white clover, are commonly used in pastures to increase protein levels and improve soil fertility. They are also beneficial for grazing animals as they can reduce the risk of bloat.
Alfalfa is a highly productive legume commonly used for hay production. It has a deep root system, making it drought-tolerant, and provides high-quality forage for livestock. However, it requires well-drained soils and is not suitable for wet or heavy clay soils.
Soybeans, although primarily planted for grain production, can also be grazed by animals. They are a high-quality source of protein and can contribute to soil fertility. However, they do require proper management to avoid overgrazing and potential toxicity.
In Conclusion
The types of pasture grasses available to farmers and ranchers differ in their growth habits, nutritional value, and practical uses. It is essential to understand the specific characteristics of each grass and how it fits into a grazing system to make informed decisions when choosing the best options for your farm or ranch. Consider factors such as soil type, climate, and intended use when selecting pasture grasses, and remember to also incorporate legumes for added nutrition and soil health benefits. With proper management, these pasture grasses and legumes can provide a reliable source of nutrition for your livestock and contribute to the overall success of your operation.